Grapes in Udmurtia, landing and care. Best grapes for Udmurtia, grape growing in Udmurtia

Grapes are considered to be solar berry grown in the southern and warm regions. However, the cultivation of this useful and delicious culture becomes an exciting activity for residents of different regions of Russia, including harsh Udmurtia.

Content

Correctly choosing a grape variety and competently causing a shrub, Udmurtia gardeners from year to year achieve a high yield of this valuable berry. Where and how best to plant a grape bush to ensure its optimal development? How to care for the vineyard in Udmurtia? What are the peculiarities of growing grapes in this climatic zone? And finally, what are the best varieties to choose to land grapes in Udmurtia? In this article, we will try to reveal the theme as much as possible by adding the selection of guidelines and the thematic video master class.

Grape bush, structure of the structure

For proper formation of a grape bush, trimming of shoots and providing yields, it is necessary to know the features of the structure of the plant and have a common idea of \u200b\u200bculture.

The grape bush consists of two parts: underground and overhead strap.
Underground stack is a root system and a bush head. The roots deepen into the soil of 1-1.5 meters, and with a light and drained soil, a depth of 2-3 meters reaches. The root system of perennial develops all year round, without falling during the resting period, as an overhead part of the shrub. In winter, the development of roots slows down. The upper thickened part of the underground strain is called head. The base of the head serves to develop a long-term vine - grape sleeves.
The basis of the above-ground strain is the sleeves, from which more subtle shoots are departed. Depending on the shape of the shrub, the number of sleeves range from one to six. The shoots are annual (current year increase) and caused (last year's shoots), fruit shoots. Practical value for the grapeter make up fruit shoots with future bunches of berries.
The leaves of three or five blade grapes, the depth of the slication of which depends on the variety of the plant.
Grape bush - shrub liana, clinging to the support of flexible, thin, but strong mustache.
A perennial plant, grapes, can grow and fron in one place under 40 years.

Grapes for Udmurtia

Choosing grapes for landing in Udmurtia, it is important to stop your choice only on proven, frost-resistant varieties. Otherwise, shrub liana will not be able to survive in the cold, winter period or subjected to frozen during spring-autumn frosts.

Recently, breeders are increasingly excreted by frost-resistant and endless cultural varieties of grapes suitable for growing in the northern regions of the country.

As a rule, these are the varieties of early and ultra-alone maturation terms (about 130 days), non-demanding heat and easily carrying low temperature fluctuations. In addition to high frost resistance, such indicators are also important for the regions of the middle strip of the country as the rates of aging of berries and vines.

Consider a number of universal varieties adapted to the climatic conditions of Udmurtia.

Agat Donskoy - interspecific hybrid of ultra-alone maturation time. Table variety is distinguished by medium and large, conical shape, clusters. Berry rounded, dark blue, almost black, color. The variety is well stored and transported. Can withstand up to -26 ° C.
Aleshhenkin- Early high-yielding table variety, with large conical clusters (up to 2.5 kg). Berry is large, medium density, oval, white.
Volzhsky- hybrid, with large, dark blue berries, rounded shape. Early average vintage variety. Resistant to many diseases, in particular to Gray Rotina and Mildu.
Delight- a high-resistant hybrid variety, with large closes of medium density. Frost-resistant and transported, distinguished by very large berries.
Far Eastern Rammig -differs in early maturation, high frost resistance and good aging of shoots. Berries are small, dark blue, not transportable.
Pearls Sabo -the average grade, with very early maturation. Berries are average, golden color, possess a characteristic muscat aroma. Winter hardiness is high, resistance to diseases average.
Sharov's mystery- winter-hardy grade, with a pleasant strawberry flavoring berries. The berry is petty, dark blue, with a dense pulp.
Zarya North -sustained frost, ultra-stunned, wine grape variety. Berries are dark blue, medium sizes.
Madeleine Anhevin- relatively frost-resistant grade, requiring reliable shelter for the winter. White berries, medium sizes. It has early aging timing.
Malnger Early- Table, with early maturation, grade. Berries are small, oval, white. Unstable to the disease with gray rot.
Michurinsky- Early and frost-resistant table grade for fresh consumption. Dark red medium-sized berries possess a weak nutmeg aroma.
Moscow Sustainable- Universal, high-resistant hybrid with high frost-resistant qualities. Berries small, white-green, nutmeg taste.
Muromets - Cutlery variety, resistant to many diseases. Berries are large, dark violet shade, with good taste. The hybrid has rapid stealing shoots and growth force.
Special -it has large, white dating berries. Sort of overrabity, with increased winter hardiness.
Russian Early -resistant to frost and diseases, vintage table. Middle sized berries, pink, rounded shape.
North -high-resistant overseas table grade. Berries are dark blue, medium sized, rounded shape. The aging of shoots is satisfactory.
Tambov pink -table variety, with small berries of pink color and rounded shape. Superrampnial maturation.
Shasl Ramminga- Table variety, characterized by increased resistance to disease. Middle sized berries, light green.

In addition to these varieties, in Udmurtia, they grow a lot of other varieties of cultural grapes: Jubilee Novgorod, Platovsky, Crystal, Krasa Nikopol, Liepaja Amber, Early Circus, the Beauty of the North, the memory of Dombkovskaya, Cinnik Russian and many others.

A great contribution to the study and cultivation of the best varieties of grapes in Udmurtia was made by the famous gardener from the village of Altai, Anatoly Alexandrovich Kuznetsov. In addition to rich invaluable horticultural experience, Kuznetsov A.A. Known by many scientific works and publications on this topic. His experiments and experiments of the gardener spend in its own nursery of plants, helping both professionals and beginners to master the technologies of growing plants, including grapes, in the conditions of a cold climate and a short growing season.

Growing grapes in Udmurtia: conditions and preferences

To grow grapes in Udmurtia in open ground, it is important to take into account the difficult climatic conditions of the region and the features of the cultivation of grape culture.

For the Udmurt Republic, a hot summer and a cold wizard is characterized. Incontinental climate of the region allows growing plants with a growing season for at least 150 days. The rest is dominated by the cold climate. Sustainable snow cover, formed in November-December, contributes to the best protection of plants from frosts.

Grapes - unpretentious fruit-berry culture. It can grow not only on poor and non-ground soils, but also on rocky, weakly-free soil, sands and limestones. The only exception for landing of shrub Liana will be saline and swampy (flooded) soils.

Planting the grape seedling, it is better to choose the solar and wind-protected from drafts and winds for perennials and winds. The shaded terrain is undesirable, as it will delay the aging of the berries, and in the conditions of early frosts of Udmurtia, it can be fraught with crop death. You can artificially improve the microclimate for the shrub. For this, enthusiastic gardeners plant bushes in walls or fences, with the adjacent border of the south side or specially built a wall of brick or slate. Heating in the sun, such a structure will reflect the resulting heat, significantly improving the conditions for the cultivation of the vineyard. An excellent option for landing will be slopes from the south-west side. Such natural shelters protect plants from the wind and contribute to the rapid flow of water during the melting of snow.

The main complexity of growing a thermal-loving culture in Udmurtia is to preserve shrubs in the winter and spring, when high risks of returned cold weather.

Grapes in Udmurtia: Facilities landing

The competent landing of young grape seedlings is one of the most important moments of successful cultivation of this fruit-berry culture for many subsequent years. Correctly choosing a place to land a shrub, it is important to observe all the provided agrotechnical requirements.

Grapes in Udmurtia plant at the end of May or the first half of June, when the warm, favorable weather is fully established. Autumn landing in the climatic conditions of the middle band is not an idea.

Seedlings of grapes can be planted both in separate landing pits and in trenches, having them from north to south. In many ways, the planting method depends on the type of soil: on the sandy ground it is better to plant grapes in the trenches, and on thin - in individual pits.

Grape bushes are planted at a distance of 2-3 meters from each other. The interval of the aisle is about 2-2.5 meters.
The landing pit is preparing in advance. It has quite large parameters: about a meter in the depth and the same in the width.
At the bottom of the pit, the drainage layer of broken brick, rubble or gravel is stacked. On the water-permeable soils it is not necessary to lay such drainage.
Many professional gardeners at the stage of preparation of the landing pit, after drainage, in the corner of the pit lay special pipes for the subsequent irrigation or feeding plants. The diameter of the pipes is small, about 50 mm.
The drainage layer is falling asleep by the nutrient soil mixture from the upper, fertile layer of soil and humus, with the addition of potash salt, peat, ash and superphosphate. In clay heavy soil additionally introduced sand. The pit should be covered with 2 \\ 3 depths.
Before boarding, seedlings should be prepared. To do this, remove the roots on the upper nodes, and on the lower - shocked up to 20 cm, the shoots are cut into 2-3 kidneys. It is impossible to leave seedlings with an open root system for a long time in the sun and the wind. The roots of the young plant before planting in the open ground, are immersed in the "bolt". It is prepared from clay and a cowboy added to the water.
In the landing pit, make a slide from the ground to which the roots of the grape seedling are exposed. The roots neatly straighten into different directions. Falling asleep to the hole of the earth, you need to ensure that several kidneys of the growth are above the ground surface. The ramming of the soil around the seedling, it is abundantly watered with warm (30-40 ° C) water and plunge the ground by 5 cm.

Grape roots, depending on the variety, withstand minus temperatures from 5 to 9 ⁰C. Therefore, when planting seedlings, the roots lowered quite deeply so that at a lower temperature mode, the root system was not frostbite. At the same time, an overly deep landing (more than 60 cm) leads to a delay in the development of a shrub. This is due to the terms of the short northern summer, in which the soil at such a depth is heated not enough. Attention should be paid to this important moment of shrub planting and choose the optimal desired landing depth.
Locked seedlings will begin to be fron in the 3rd year of life. In the year of planting, the young plant is tied up to the cola, and from the 2nd year of life form a bush.
Some grapes-northerners in the first year are not planted seedlings of grapes in open soil, and leave them in containers or pots, buried to the ground. For the winter, such containers with a young bush are cleaned into the basement, and in the spring it is planted at a permanent place. Another alternative is the cultivation of grapes in the shock (until its full strengthening). In addition, there is much easier to cover the bushes for wintering.
Before planing, it is important to plan the whole grape defense: grouped the varieties for the purpose, the timing of ripening and the degree of frost resistance. Such a conscious approach largely facilitates further care of shrubs.
Near the landed seedlings should also be installed support (trenches) so that as the bush can be tested as curly shoots.

How and where to buy grape seedlings in Udmurtia

The most reliable and proven source of planting material are specialized nurseries and garden shops. In addition, communicating on thematic forums and clubs of grapes of their region, you can get acquainted with experienced gardeners, which also grow seedlings for sale. Moreover, such bushes are already adapted to specific climatic conditions and easily take root in a new place. In addition to good planting material, practice gardeners will always provide qualified assistance and advise on all exciting issues.

Grapes in Udmurtia: Plant Care

Caring for grapes, especially carefully you need to "cherish" not yet hardened young seedlings. The first year after landing becomes the most painstaking. Watering, loosening, feeding, the shelter for the winter and the removal of stepsins is the main agrotechnical measures of gardeners during the growing season of the plant. The positive torque of the cold climate of the Udmurt region is almost complete absence of diseases and pests of grapes.

So, let's start with the most important, for this region, garden work.

Shelter grapes in Udmurtia for the winter

Given the features of the climatic conditions of Udmurtia, the shelter of the vineyard for the winter is a mandatory measure of preserving a healthy, fruitful, plants.

There are several methods for reliable shelter of the vineyard.
Some gardeners successfully practiced the glue of the grape vines for the winter, soil, a height of about 10-15 cm (up to 25 cm). At the same time, as an attachment, the vine bundle is pinned with a metal bracket.
It takes place when shelting grapes for the winter and the method of injection of the vine into the soil at about the same depth (10 cm) as when gluing. The ground, filled from above the thick layer of snow, perfectly retains warmth and grapes without prejudice to "experiencing" wintering.
Other gardeners, touching the vine, wind by bump in several layers, are still insulated with a polyethylene film or agrovolok. In this form, the shrub is left to winter under the snow cover. This method also has proven itself as a reliable way to preserve the vine.

A more complex and time-consuming method for preparing the plant for the winter period is the construction of shelters from boards, rubberoid, films and other technicians. Such complex designs are manufactured for a vineyard growing in lowlands, where many moisture will accumulate during thaws and there is a risk of kidney. In such shelters, the shrub remains dry under the condition of periodic ventilation (in the period of thaws). The advantage of the method is the fact that after the melting of the snow, the plant immediately begins to adapt to climatic conditions, without waiting for him to be released from the layer of land. The launched "mechanism" activates faster growth and development of the grape bush.

Open the vineyard in the spring should not earlier April-May month. At the same time, it is necessary to additionally cover the bushes with a film, in the event of a threat of return frosts. Such "unexpected" frosts in Udmurtia happen until the first half of June.
In the event of the shelter of the grapes of the earth, it is important to avoid the meant of the kidneys (eyes) on the shoots of the shrub. This is possible in conditions too wet, after melting of snow, soil.
When opening grapes, the ground part of the shrub is desirable to be treated with a 3-5% solution of copper or iron vitriol. Such processing will prevent the appearance of fungus and delay the blooming of the kidneys.

Pruning and forming a bush of grapes in Udmurtia

The task of trimming young shrubs is the formation of powerful, durable and highly productive bushes. When pruning the first years, the skeleton of the bush is formed, its sleeves. Then only supports the specified shape of the shrub crown.

Under the conditions of the middle lane, the trimming is carried out in two receptions: the main is autumn, before the shelter of bushes, and sanitary - in spring, after their discovery. In the spring, the frozen, damaged shoots are removed.

The grapes, in need of reliable winter shelter, are grown in a cordless multi-hole (up to 6-7) form, with a short trimming of the vine, the features of which are set out below.

In the first year, the seedling plant is grown from one kidney, forming one vine. All other kidneys pinch. Grounding, a lot of 10-12 kidney vines, removing side shoots. In the fall, the vine is also cut into 10-12 kidneys and in this form a two-year seedling perfectly tolerate frosts in shelter.
If you leave a long uncutched vine for the winter, except for the inconvenience of its shelter, it is often damaged by frosts and in the spring is still cut off. Autumn pruning helps to reduce unnecessary loads of unnecessary shoots to the root of the shrub. In addition, it is possible to harvest cuttings from the cut-off falls for subsequent breeding of grapes.
A twisted two-year seedlock thus has one formed withdrawal vine, ready for fruiting. On the vine during the period of active growth of the green mass, you need to leave only one young escape with inflorescences and two lower, growing from the shrub's head. The remaining green shoots should be cut. These shoots next year will be sleeved shrub.
In the fall, two vines need to cut a 10-12 kidney again, followed by the shelter for the winter. So it turns out a three-year seedling with two vines, ready for fruiting.
Similarly, the next year it is necessary to increase the amount (per 1-2) of the fructing vines of the shrub. Such a procedure for forming a shrub is carried out for 5-6 years.
Such trimming and braghat formation of a multi-screw bush of grapes is the most acceptable technology for the cold northern regions. Otherwise, a lusty thick stack of grapes of large formation is almost impossible to put on the ground for winter shelter. At the same time, the bush easily breaks or damaged.
Experienced gardeners of Udmurtia are recommended to trim and strengthen the bushes for the winter even no observed winter-hardy grape varieties. Cropped shoots quickly give a new increase, while not necessary to risk, exposing the plants with severe Udmurt frosts and winds.

After trimming, the sleeves should be tied up along the row, obliquely, and annual shortened shoots horizontally. At the same time, shoots are distributed on the sleeper so that the entire plane is most busy.

Making fertilizers for grapes in Udmurtia

In the spring, in the first year after landing, nitrogen fertilizers are made, stimulating the growth and development of shrub. At one bush takes about 20 grams. Nitrogen-containing drugs: ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate or carbamide. The feeder is combined with watering a shrub. Do not overdo it with nitrogen fertilizers, otherwise the opposite effect is possible.
Next year (second year after landing), grapes spoke well on complex nitrogen-containing fertilizers: nitropos, nitroposk, ammophos or nitroammophos. The feeder spend several times in the first half of summer. Such complexes can be replaced with organic fertilizers (for example, a liquid cow, manure with a soft, peat, compost, etc.).

Before the beginning and after the flowering period of grapes, phosphoric complex fertilizers are made (for example, superphosphate).
Extra-corner feeder, carried out in a summer period, is also effective, by any water-soluble fertilizer (for example, soluble or boric acid solution). Boric acid prevents squeezing, so it is carried out before flowering and during the growth of berries.
In the fall, the field of harvesting, the last feeding is carried out in the form of superphosphate, wood ash and potassium chloride.
Fertilizer makes it possible to get large breeds of berries and stimulate high-quality vine aging.

Watering grapes in Udmurtia

Watering grapes must be carried out as needed and taking into account natural precipitation.
Watering a bush abundantly, better in the evening. In the second half of the summer, it should be reduced to watering so that the growth of the shrub is not delayed, up to early autumn frosts.
In the period of active flowering and before harvesting the grape harvest, watering stops so that the flowers of the perennials do not appear, and the mature berries did not crack.
It is obligatory only by watering young vines for the first 2 years and the common watered watering for all varieties in the fall. 7-10 days before the expected flowering of watering, stop, as the excessive moisture causes a cream of color and delays the ripening of the crop.
Do not use sprinkles, otherwise provoke diseases. Sut the drainage channels and put pipes for watering on the side of the side of the aisle, not closer to 30-50 cm to the base of the bush. Grapes do not like wet leaves and the wet surface of the Earth. If you can, arrange a visor over grape bushes.

Grapes: Spring work in Udmurtia

When spring starts, all garden trouble begins. First, in the second half of the spring, young seedlings are planted. Secondly, work continues with overwhelmed shrubs: the rolling trunk is freed from mulch, the soil is drunk, cutting a slight piece of old roots. This should not frighten the gardener, since the remaining roots begin to branch and regenerate, thus rejuvenating the entire root system of the grape bush. Such a "simple" technique improves the fruiting and plant development. The soil after loosening loose rhymes.

Grapes: Autumn work in Udmurtia

In the fall, before cooking a shrub to wintering, the soil at the rolling collar is again shallowly leaving for better moisture detention. During this period, the main trimming of grapes is carried out, pouring green escapes, steaming. Before the onset of frosts, shrubs are carefully covered.

Thus, by observing the main agrotechnical techniques, any suitable grape variety can be grown in Udmurtia, enjoying the taste and aroma of their own fresh berries. Fortunately, the choice of varieties for the northern regions is quite large and every gardener can choose grapes to their taste.