Dishes from this culture are popular in most countries of the world. On the content of proteins and useful substances, it may well compete with poultry meat. That is why due to its high yield, useful composition and relatively low price, this culture received the informal name "meat for the poor." Speech, of course, about beans.
About how this culture appeared on our table, the opinions of historians differ. Some believe that Europeans have gained access to the cultivation of beans in the ancient Roman times, their opponents are confident that the first of Europeans was a depriveer of the American continent Christopher Columbus. Be that as it may, and the beans are firmly fixed as a food product around the world. A large role in the popularization of this bean plant on the territory of the old world was played by the French doctor Jofru, who proved the usefulness of its use for the human body. Now the beans are grown both on an industrial scale and in the preservation areas for personal use. It is about how to grow a good harvest of the beans in his six hundreds, we will talk further.
Varieties and features of beans
With various legumes, people are familiar from the Stone Age. The fruits of these plants have two long and dense flaps, whose edges neatly closed. Between them are seeds. They are located smooth lines. The shape of the pods most often is oblong, straight, but sometimes it can be slightly curved or in the form of a spiral. Beans more correctly called leguminous vegetables. The fact is that the nutritional value of such mature seeds is almost the same as in cereals. In our areas among legume crops, except beans, peas, soy, peanuts and lentils are also grown.
When the beans ripens, the sash dry, after which they are revealed and the seeds are poured from them. If the pods are harvested immature, then these fruits are more correctly considered green vegetables. So usually comes with the podcol. As for the caloric content of legumes, then in 100 grams contained about 57 kilocalories. At the same time, there are 0.2 g of fats in the beans, 7 grams of proteins and 8 g of carbohydrates. Boes are rich in organic acids, food fibers, monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch. They still contain vitamin A, C, PR and B (B1, B2, B6). Minerals have iron and phosphorus.
All variety of beans can be divided into two main groups:
- stern
- food.
There are about hundreds of different varieties. Feed species usually have small seeds and highly developed above-ground part. Such fruits contain many carbohydrates, protein and vitamins. Moreover, they are concentrated not only in grains, but also in green shoots, and even in silo. Due to the large content of nitrogen fruits, feed grades are used as green fertilizers. About fourteen zoned varieties are grown in Russia today. At the same time, the most popular are "Aushra", "brown", "peaks" and "Wowholder purple".
As for food beans, they usually have large seeds and greater fruits. At the same time, they have fleshy and solid flaps. Today there are long-term species that can reach a length of up to 27 cm with 7-10 seeds. In addition, there are wide-frame varieties that have only 2-5 seeds between the sash. Dry grains are used as food, green shoots both without pods and in pods.
In order to grow a good harvest, you need to know which bean varieties are more suitable for your needs and features of your site.
All varieties of this plant can be divided into two groups:
- Lulty.
- Asparagus.
Lultural. Their growing is carried out to obtain grain. These varieties are distinguished by a rude parchment layer, which is present in the fruits of the plant. Such beans are also called the pod. Among this type, the most popular varieties are:
- Red beans. Pretty popular type of beans. It is characterized by the fact that the fruits can not be used in raw form - they are very toxic. Toxins are derived from beans only after thorough heat treatment. The fruits of the plant contain in large quantities of fiber and vitamins, which makes them use very useful for the body.
- White beans. Differs on the high content of calcium and magnesium in its fruits. Useful to prevent heart disease. Also, the fruits of white beans are rich in vitamin C, which helps to be absorbed by the gland, which makes it indispensable in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
- Green or shaking beans. This type of plant has delicate pods, which makes it possible to eat them. Initially, such beans was intended for decorative purposes, but, given its beautiful taste, it began to be used as additives or even in the form of independent dishes. It is very quickly cooked and perfectly saved in a frozen form for a long time.
- Less popular in our country are considered to be yellow (waxed) beans and purple, which is also called Georgian.
Asparagus varieties of beans. This type of plant is distinguished by rather gentle pods, which makes it possible to eat them.
The following varieties are most popular among sparky beans:
- "Deer King."
- "Fan".
- "Indiana".
- "Panther".
In general, today more than two hundred types of this plant are known. And the most common is asparagus medicinal. This usually matures very early. The first fruits can be collected in the spring, namely, in April. It is recommended to use only the youngest. Only they are considered delicious and helpful. If the kidneys bloomed on the asparagus, then this suggests that it has become too tough, and because of this is not suitable for use.
Today, sparky beans are used in cooking and often as a decorative element, which includes flower ensembles. Whatever the asparagus variety, he is always a little malocalorien. So, at 100 Gy usually contains only 21 kilocaloria. In addition, the beans of such a variety is a rather light food. Therefore, it is easily absorbed. Asparagus satures the human body with essential vitamins and minerals.
Each of the beans varieties has its taste and beneficial properties, so it is necessary to decide which one to grow in your country yourself.
Selection of a site for landing beans
The greatest harvest brings the beans landed on the lungs rich in microelements and minerals soils. In addition, they should be sufficiently drained, so as not to contain a large number of excess moisture. On clay soils with a high location of groundwater, crops of this culture may not even give shoots. The beans are a light and thermal-loving plant, so choosing a plot for her sowing, make sure that the sun's rays fall on it in sufficient quantity.
Before sowing beans, the soil fertre up with organic mixtures. You can also use mineral fertilizers: ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. True, it is worth it to be fading careful not to overdo it. The high nitrogen content in the soil contributes to the rapid growth of the green mass of the plant, which comes to the detriment of the development of pods.
For successful growing beans, like all legumes, it is necessary to observe the correct change of plants on the site. So, the beans feels very well after cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes. At the site where the beans grew earlier, it is not necessary to repeat the crops of this culture for 3-4 years, since there is a big risk of plant infection with various diseases.
Like all legumes, the beans on their roots accumulates a large number of useful bacteria, which for their livelihoods produce a huge amount of nitrogen. Sowing this plant can add enough nitrogen fertilizers to the soil for excellent growth of other crops. After cleaning the beans, the soil does not need additional introduction of nitrogen feeding.
When to put the beans?
Sowing bean seeds spend closer to mid-May. The fact is that the seeds of this cult gross pretty quickly. We all remember that the bean seeds are most often used as an experimental material in biology lessons, since the sprout of them appears in a rather short term.
If, after the appearance of shoots, the air temperature drops below + 5⁰s, they simply slow down their growth, while decreasing for the zero mark, the sprouts may die at all. Therefore, sowing beans must be carried out when the probability of frosts will be minimal. If necessary, if after sowing, you still found freezing, it is necessary to cover the beds with beans using a polyethylene film. Some gardeners spend sowing in two stages with a difference between them in 7-10 days.
Beans: landing and care
Seize beans in two ways:
- ordinary
- tape.
These techniques are distinguished by the following. In the ordinary method, the seeds in the wells are sicking into the wells by one row with a distance between them at least 0.5 m, and with a separated method, they sow tape from 2-3 rows with a distance between them at least 0.6 m. The distance between the wells in the row depends on Type of soil on which seeds are planted. So, with sand and sampling soils, the seeds are deepened by 4-5 cm, and with clay and thin soils by 2-4 cm. In well-drained, heated and light soils, seedlings are planted under zero level, with close groundwater running, make It is in specially equipped beds.
Beans does not require much care in comparison with other garden crops. All departure is in timely weeding of beds from weeds, watering, explosion of the soil and the fight against pests. After the first real sheet appears, the shooters of the plant have thinned so that the distance between them was at least 10-12 cm.
Watering a bed with beans is carried out only at certain periods. So, the plant is in dire need of moisture in the first periods of its formation. After the appearance of 4-5 leaves, the abundant irrigation can be stopped for a while, resuming it after the start of flowering plants. The moisture that the beans will get with precipitation is quite enough.
Fucking plants should also be done with caution. So, overwhelming with nitrogen fertilizers, you can get a very strong Buckwill and underdeveloped Bob. Therefore, feeding is made only in case of extreme need. Superphosphate is allowed in combination with a potash salt of 30-40 gr / m 2 During the first contribution and 10-15 GR / m 2 Repeated Do it only when buds appearing on plants. During the ripening of beans, fertilizer is carried out using ash.
Growing beans on a set
Curly beans varieties in their growth require additional support for stems. The ideal support for Liana will be a trellis. The chopler is called a special construction from metal or wooden rods, between which the rope, the twine or thick wire stretched. Thanks to them, the plant clings and strives to up. Due to the Liana Beans, the Liana Beans can get much more light, which will benefit on its growth and the formation of beans.
Make a sleeper is not too difficult. Special plastic grids are sold, somewhere similar to the chain grid. Its "charm" is that it can be used for several seasons. The use of such a grid will save on rods as a support. For a bed with a length of 6-7 m, 3-4 supports supplied after 2-3 meters. Between the supports stretches the stainless wire Ø 3-4 mm, to which the grid is attached. After collecting the harvest, the sleeper can not be removed, but in beds, where there was beans, plant cucumbers. They will grow perfectly on a rich nitrogen soil. According to the results of experiments, the yield of cucumbers after the beans increases by 30%.
If you are going to sow beans with a ribbon method, then the trellis must have a kind of pyramid. Then the main support at an angle of 15⁰-20⁰ is given two rods, between which the wire is tensioned. And already two rows of plastic grid are attached to it.
Cleaning beans
Clean the fruits of beans depending on their purpose. So, sugar and semi-boiled varieties are assembled on 8-9 days after the establishment of ovary. By this time, the beans have time to grow in length up to 13 cm, and in width up to 1 cm. At the same time, sugar grades are cleaned with an interval of 5-6 days, and semi-chaired with less. The thing is that they harder faster and lose their taste. For the use of grain, the beans are cleaned after the onset of wax maturity. The plant is pulled out of the soil, bind into small sheaths and suspended under the canopy or in the barn. After 10-15 days, the jurzing of the beans split and get grains from them. Store the grains of beans in a cool place in banks or in closed buckets in order to avoid the appearance of harmful insects.
How to choose beans
The high-quality fruits of the podoli always have a smooth and clean surface. At the same time, they must have a bright color. If the seeds are wrinkled, faded and damaged, this indicates that they are overpowering or stored for too long. Acquired beans needed to begin to decompose on a dry smooth surface and be sure to take away in order to remove the extra garbage. After that, we put them in the container in which they will be stored. When storing fruits it is worth knowing that you should not keep them next to the heat source, for example, near the battery or stove. In general, if the beans are stored correctly, they will be able to save all their useful properties to six months.
Beans: Photo
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